Difference between revisions of "Uniqueness of Tetration"
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== Proposition == | == Proposition == | ||
| − | For each $b>e^{1/e}$ there exists exactly one holomorphic function $\sigma_b$ on $D=\C\setminus\{x \le -2\}$ which satisfies for all $z\in D$: | + | For each $b>e^{1/e}$ there exists exactly one holomorphic function $\sigma_b$ on $D=\C\setminus\{x \le -2\}$ which is real for all $x>-2$ and satisfies for all $z\in D$: |
| − | $$ | + | $$\sigma_b(0)=1, \sigma_b(z+1)=b^{\sigma_b(z)}$$ and $$\sup_{t\to\infty}\left| \sigma_b({\rm i}t)\right| <\infty$$. |
==== Proof. ==== | ==== Proof. ==== | ||
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Then we know that the function $\delta(z)=\alpha_b(\sigma_b(z))-z$, holomorphic on $D$, is periodic with period 1: | Then we know that the function $\delta(z)=\alpha_b(\sigma_b(z))-z$, holomorphic on $D$, is periodic with period 1: | ||
$$\delta(z+1)=(\alpha_b(\sigma_b(z+1))-(z+1)=\alpha_b(\sigma_b(z))-z=\delta_b(z)$$ | $$\delta(z+1)=(\alpha_b(\sigma_b(z+1))-(z+1)=\alpha_b(\sigma_b(z))-z=\delta_b(z)$$ | ||
| − | and is real for $z > -2$ (and can be continued to $\R$) and can | + | and is real for $z > -2$ (and can be continued to $\R$) and can so be developed into a real Fourier-Series ($A_k$, $\phi_k$ in $\R$): |
$$\delta(t)=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}A_{k}\cos\left(2\pi kt-\varphi_{k}\right)$$ | $$\delta(t)=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}A_{k}\cos\left(2\pi kt-\varphi_{k}\right)$$ | ||
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$$ | $$ | ||
| − | \delta( | + | \delta({\rm i}t)=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{A_{k}}{2}\left(\exp\left(-2\pi kt -{\rm i}\varphi_{k}\right)+\exp\left(2\pi kt+{\rm i}\varphi_{k}\right)\right) |
$$ | $$ | ||
But this expression can only be bounded with respect to $t$ if $A_k=0$ for all $k\ge 1$. Hence $\delta$ is a constant $c$ and $\sigma_b(z)=\tau_b(z+c)$. | But this expression can only be bounded with respect to $t$ if $A_k=0$ for all $k\ge 1$. Hence $\delta$ is a constant $c$ and $\sigma_b(z)=\tau_b(z+c)$. | ||
Revision as of 16:42, 3 January 2017
Proposition
For each $b>e^{1/e}$ there exists exactly one holomorphic function $\sigma_b$ on $D=\C\setminus\{x \le -2\}$ which is real for all $x>-2$ and satisfies for all $z\in D$: $$\sigma_b(0)=1, \sigma_b(z+1)=b^{\sigma_b(z)}$$ and $$\sup_{t\to\infty}\left| \sigma_b({\rm i}t)\right| <\infty$$.
Proof.
We know there exists already a solution $\tau_b$ which satisfies all conditions and its inverse $\alpha_b$ which is a whole function and satisifies $\alpha_b(b^z)=\alpha_b(z)+1$. Then we know that the function $\delta(z)=\alpha_b(\sigma_b(z))-z$, holomorphic on $D$, is periodic with period 1: $$\delta(z+1)=(\alpha_b(\sigma_b(z+1))-(z+1)=\alpha_b(\sigma_b(z))-z=\delta_b(z)$$ and is real for $z > -2$ (and can be continued to $\R$) and can so be developed into a real Fourier-Series ($A_k$, $\phi_k$ in $\R$):
$$\delta(t)=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}A_{k}\cos\left(2\pi kt-\varphi_{k}\right)$$
$$\delta(z)=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{A_{k}}{2}\left(\exp\left(2\pi {\rm i}kz-{\rm i}\varphi_{k}\right)+\exp\left(-2\pi {\rm i}kz+{\rm i}\varphi_{k}\right)\right)$$
$$ \delta({\rm i}t)=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{A_{k}}{2}\left(\exp\left(-2\pi kt -{\rm i}\varphi_{k}\right)+\exp\left(2\pi kt+{\rm i}\varphi_{k}\right)\right) $$
But this expression can only be bounded with respect to $t$ if $A_k=0$ for all $k\ge 1$. Hence $\delta$ is a constant $c$ and $\sigma_b(z)=\tau_b(z+c)$.